AORN Journal
Volume 87, Issue 5 , Pages 925-933 , May 2008

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Properties of an Alcohol-free 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Solution

  • Barbara DeBaun, RN, MSN, CIC

      Affiliations

    • Barbara DeBaun, RN, MSN, CIC, is an improvement advisor at Bay Area Patient Safety Collaborative, San Francisco, CA.

References 

  1. Hedrick TL , Anastacio MM , Sawyer RG . Prevention of surgical site infections . Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther . 2006;4(2):223–233
  2. Mangram AJ , Horan TC , Pearson ML , Silver LC , Jarvis WR . Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol . 1999;20(4):250–278
  3. DeFrances CJ , Hall MJ . 2005 National Hospital Discharge Survey . Adv Data . 2007;July 12(385):1–19
  4. Gravel D , Taylor G , Ofner M , et al.   The Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program. Point prevalence survey for healthcare-associated infections within Canadian adult acute-care hospitals . J Hosp Infect . 2007;66(3):243–248
  5. Cheadle WG . Risk factors for surgical site infection . Surg Infect (Larchmt) . 2006;7(Suppl 1):S7–S11
  6. Kirkland KB , Briggs JP , Trivette SL , Wilkinson WE , Sexton DJ . The impact of surgical-site infections in the 1990s: attributable mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol . 1999;20(11):725–730
  7. Monge Jodra V , Sainz de Los Terreros Soler L , Diaz-Agero Perez C , Saa Requejo CM , Plana Farras N . Excess length of stay attributable to surgical site infection following hip replacement: a nested case-control study . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol . 2006;27(12):1299–1303
  8. Yasunaga H , Ide H , Imamura T , Ohe K . Accuracy of economic studies on surgical site infection . J Hosp Infect . 2007;65(2):102–107
  9. Engemann JJ , Carmeli Y , Cosgrove SE , et al.   Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection . Clin Infect Dis . 2003;36(5):592–598
  10. Maree CL , Daum RS , Boyle-Vavra S , Matayoshi K , Miller LG . Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing healthcare-associated infections . Emerg Infect Dis . 2007;13(2):236–242
  11. Gonzalez BE , Rueda AM , Shelburne SA , Musher DM , Hamill RJ , Hulten KG . Community-associated strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococccus aureus as the cause of healthcare-associated infection . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol . 2006;27(10):1051–1056
  12. Falagas ME , Bliziotis IA , Siempos II . Attributable mortality of Acinetobacter baumannii infections in critically ill patients: a systematic review of matched cohort and case-control studies . Crit Care . 2006;10(2):R48
  13. Kaye KS , Engemann JJ , Mozaffari E , Carmeli Y . Reference group choice and antibiotic resistance outcomes . Emerg Infect Dis . 2004;10(6):1125–1128
  14. McGarry SA , Engemann JJ , Schmader K , Sexton DJ , Kaye KS . Surgical-site infection due to Staphylococcus aureus among elderly patients: mortality, duration of hospitalization, and cost . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol . 2004;25(6):461–467
  15. Hospital-acquired conditions (present on admission indicator). Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services . http://www.cms.hhs.gov/HospitalAcqCond/06_Hospital-Acquired%20Conditions.asp#TopOfPage Accessed February 27, 2008.
  16. Reducing MRSA infections: staying one step ahead. Institute for Healthcare Improvement . http://www.ihi.org/IHI/Topics/PatientSafety/SafetyGeneral/ImprovementStories/FSReducingMRSAInfectionsStayingOneStepAhead.htm Accessed February 27, 2008.
  17. Vernon MO, Hayden MK, Trick WE, Hayes RA, Blom DW, Weinstein RA, et al. Chlorhexidine gluconate to cleanse patients in a medical intensive care unit: the effectiveness of source control to reduce the bioburden of vancomycin-resistant enterococci . Arch Intern Med . 2006;166(3):306–312
  18. Bleasdale SC , Trick WE , Gonzalez IM , Lyles RD , Hayden MK , Weinstein RA . Effectiveness of chlorhexidine bathing to reduce catheter-associated bloodstream infections in medical intensive care unit patients . Arch Intern Med . 2007;167(19):2073–2079
  19. Blanchard K, Jefferson J, Mermel L. Control of nosocomial Acinetobacter in a university-affiliated medical center. Poster presented at: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology Annual Conference; June 24–28, 2007; San Jose, CA.
  20. ASTM International Committee E35.15 on Antimicrobial Agents  . tASTM E1054-02 Standard Test Methods for Evaluation of Inactivators of Antimicrobial Agents . West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2002;
  21. Edmiston CE , Seabrook GR , Johnson CP , Paulson DS , Beausoleil CM . Comparative of a new and innovative 2% chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated cloth with 4% chlorhexidine gluconate as topical antiseptic for preparation of the skin prior to surgery . Am J Infect Control . 2007;35(2):89–96
  22. National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System  . National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004 . Am J Infect Control . 2004;32(8):470–485
  23. Cantlon CA , Stepmer ME , Schwan WR , Hoffman MA , Qutaishat SS . Significant pathogens isolated from surgical site infections at a community hospital in the Midwest . Am J Infect Control . 2006;34(8):526–529
  24. Kluytmans-Vandenbergh MF , Kluytmans JA . Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: current perspectives . Clin Microbiol Infect . 2006;12(Suppl 1):9–15
  25. Kourbatova EV , Halvosa JS , King MD , Ray SM , White N , Blumberg HM . Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 clone as a cause of health care-associated infections among patients with prosthetic joint infections . Am J Infect Control . 2005;33(7):385–391
  26. Nourse C , Starr M , Munckhof W . Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causes severe disseminated infection and deep venous thrombosis in children: literature review and recommendations for management . J Paediatr Child Health . 2007;43(10):656–661
  27. Fournier PE , Richet H . The epidemiology and control of Acinetobacter baumannii in health care facilities . Clin Infect Dis . 2006;42(5):692–699
  28. Stephens C , Francis SJ , Abell V , DiPersio JR , Wells P . Emergence of resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in critically ill patients within an acute care teaching hospital and a long-term acute care hospital . Am J Infect Control . 2007;35(4):212–215
  29. Scott P , Deye G , Srinivasan A , et al.   An outbreak of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex infection in the US military health care system associated with military operations in Iraq . Clin Infect Dis . 2007;44(12):1577–1584
  30. Turton JF , Kaufmann ME , Gill MJ , et al.   Comparison of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from the United Kingdom and the United States that were associated with repatriated casualties of the Iraq conflict . J Clin Microbiol . 2006;44(7):2630–2634
  31. Choi JY , Park YS , Kim CO , et al.   Mortality risk factors of Acinetobacter baumannii bacteraemia . Intern Med J . 2005;35(10):599–603
  32. Kuo LC , Lai CC , Liao CH , et al.   Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteraemia: clinical features, antimicrobial therapy and outcome . Clin Microbiol Infect . 2007;13(2):196–198
  33. Weber SG , Huang SS , Oriola S , et al.   Legislative mandates for use of active surveillance cultures to screen for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci: position statement from the Joint SHEA and APIC Task Force . Am J Infect Control . 2007;35(2):73–85
  34. Nixon M , Jackson B , Varghese P , Jenkins D , Taylor G . Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the orthopaedic wards: incidence, spread, mortality, cost and control . J Bone Joint Surg Br . 2006;88(6):812–817

PII: S0001-2092(08)00108-7

doi: 10.1016/j.aorn.2008.02.001

AORN Journal
Volume 87, Issue 5 , Pages 925-933 , May 2008